KnuthLab Exploration Rover with Researchers A. Fischer and N. Malakar

The LEGO Exploration Rover is powered by six NXT Standard Motors in a Rocker-Bogie suspension system used in all of the NASA Mars rover designs. The rover is approximately 1.5 ft high with a 1 ft x 1.5 ft base. It is larger than the NASA Sojourner Rover, which was part of the Pathfinder Mission to Mars in 1997, and smaller than the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. It can safely carry a payload of 8 pounds.

KnuthLab LEGO Exploration Rover

The white frame mounted on top of the rover is the Bayesian Vision-Based Navigation System being developed by Autonomous Exploration Inc. for NASA.

Check back, as we will be posting videos of its operation and discussing some of the important design features.

The circuit relies on an ATMega328 microcontroller, and since it requires only component parts it is cheaper and has a potentially smaller footprint than the popular Arduino Boards.

We have started using Arduino microcontrollers to directly control the LEGO Motors (9842), and expect to post on this sometime in the near future. In the meantime check out posts on LEGO NXT motor control:

LEGO NXT Motor Wiring
Hacking the LEGO Mindstorms NXT Standard Motor

They are:
1. LEGO Star Wars Obi-Wan’s Jedi Starfighter (10215)
2. LEGO Cars Big Bentley (5828)
3. LEGO Star Wars Snow Trooper Army Pack (8084)
4. LEGO Mindstorms NXT 2.0 (8547)
5. LEGO Star Wars Clone Trooper Battle Pack (7913)
6. LEGO City Police Helicopter (7741)
7. LEGO City Fire Truck (7239)
8. LEGO Green Building Plate (10″ x 10″)
9. LEGO Harry Potter Quidditch Match (4737)
10. LEGO Architecture White House (21006)
11. Lego Star Wars Millennium Falcon (7965) – 2011 Release
 

Ready to Blow up some LEGO creations!

Nestor does not play well with others.
He doesn’t play well at all.
His favorite pastime is blowing up LEGO creations.

Here is an example of what Nestor is capable of.
This creation is called Stalker and it was created by Misterhaan.
But Stalker is being stalked!
Look out Stalker!
Look out for Nestor!

Look out Stalker! You are being stalked!

This animation was made using LDraw, POVRay and a Matlab script that generated a set of POVRay files each with the parts individually spinning and moving away from the blast center. Add a flash of light in a few images, and voila! Explosion!

You can find this video on Youtube as well at:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Pmz8soKdko.
Share it with your friends!

Philo’s website has several tabs corresponding to different topic areas:
LEGO® MINDSTORMS™ & LEGO Technic: a variety of interesting projects
NXT: details about LEGO NXT components and NXT-specific projects
Sensors: detailed information about sensor workings and electronics
LEGO Tech Info: LEGO technical information
LDraw: tools for LDraw part authors
LEGO & Photo: accessories for photographers

My favorite pages are:
LEGO® 9V Technic Motors compared characteristics studies the various characteristics of a wide variety of LEGO motors.
http://www.philohome.com/traction/traction.htm studies the capabilities of a wide variety of LEGO wheels.

Enjoy!
and check out his new book:

New Rotocaster Omni-Directional Wheel

While these are often used on robots with three wheels where all three rotate at different rates allowing the robot to go in any direction,

Three-Wheeled Omni-Wheel Prototype by Xander Soldaat at Bot Bench (click on image to see more)

There are several different options that one can consider. LEGO purists may consider making their own omni-directional wheel designs out of only official LEGO parts. Another option is to purchase manufactured omni-directional wheels. These come in two classes: those that are designed to be LEGO compatible, and those that are not LEGO compatible. In the latter case, one would have to construct some kind of coupling mechanism to enable the wheel to connect to LEGO parts.

Here are some of the options that I have found.

Omni-Directional Wheels Constructed from LEGO Parts

Omni-Directional LEGO Wheels by Xander at Bot Bench
These wheels use the LEGO pulley to get a six-fold symmetry. Each “wheel” uses 12 LEGO wheels. For archiving purposes, here are three pictures. Please visit Xander at Bot Bench for larger images and more details.

Omni-Directional LEGO Wheels by Xander Soldaat at Bot Bench

Details of Omni-Directional LEGO Wheels by Xander Soldaat at Bot Bench

Details of Omni-Directional LEGO Wheels by Xander Soldaat at Bot Bench

This amazing tank by Peer Kreuger also sports omni-directional wheels made from LEGO parts

LEGO Tank with LEGO Omni-Directional Wheels

The Omni Bot v2 by jason701802 also sports omni-directional wheels

Omni Bot v2 by jason701802

LEGO-compatible Manufactured Omni-Directional Wheels

This LEGO-compatible wheel is made by the School of Robotics

School of Robotics Omni-Directional Wheels

Rotacaster makes a LEGO-compatible omni-directional wheel:

Rotacaster Robot Wheel (LEGO-compatible)

Rotacaster is also coming out with a new design

New Rotocaster Omni-Directional Wheel

Rotacaster also produces several non-LEGO compatible designs.

Tetrix also makes LEGO-compatible Omni-Directional Wheels

Tetrix Omni-Directional Wheels

General Manufactured Omni-Directional Wheels

Mecanum Omni-Wheel Designed by Bengt Ilon in 1973 at the Mecanum AB Company

Mecanum Wheel

Mecanum Omni-Directional Wheel

Vex Omni-Directional Wheel

Vex Omni-Directional Wheel

Damon WH-01 Omni Directional Wheel (hexagon hole)
(Outer Diameter:60mm, Inner Diameter:11mm, Material: Nylon)

Damon WH-01 Omni-Directional Wheel

Kornylak Omni-Directional Wheel

Kornylak Omni-Directional Wheel

Kornylak Transwheel

Kornylak Transwheel

Kornylak Omni-Directional Wheel

Kornylak Omni-Directional Wheel

Plano has come out with a new line of colorful tackle box designs geared for arts and crafts storage. These are the Creative Options
line of Storage Boxes and Organizers. The color scheme is a avocado green base with a purple lid and gold handles. These storage units are excellent for storing small LEGO collections while providing portability.

Here are some of the available models:

Grab N’ Go Rack System with 2 Deep #2-3630′s and 1 #2-3650 -Avocado Base/Purple Lid/Gold Handle

It comes with Two Deep #2-3630′s and One #2-3650 Prolatch Utility Boxes and Bulk Top Storage. It has dimensions: 13.1 x 9.9 x 13.6 inches

Multi-Craft Rack System

This includes three 2-3650 and two 3449 utility boxes and a compartmentalized top access storage on lid and large bulk storage area. Its dimensions are 17-3/4-Inch (Length) x 9-3/4-Inch (Width) by 11-Inch (Height).

Creative Options Grab & Go Storage Box/Organizer

This includes four #2-3500′s Prolatch Utility Boxes and Bulk Top Storage. ITs dimensions are 11-Inch (Length) by 7-1/4-Inch (Width) by 10-Inch (Height)

LEGO Boba Fett Costume

LEGO Boba Fett Helmet

Actually, I am a bit more impressed by the LEGO Darth Vader costume!
Who IS that masked man???

LEGO Darth Vader Costume

If only, it had lights that were controlled by the LEGO Mindstorms Brick, and a Breathing apparatus controlled by the LEGO pneumatic system!

In this exercise, I will walk you through interfacing a potentiometer (variable resistor) to the NXT brick.
You will need:
- A stripped NXT cable
- A potentiometer with a maximum resistance no more than
- A small piece of wire
- An NXT Brick

This exercise is derived and expanded from a chapter in Extreme NXT by Gasperi, Hurbain and Hurbain.

THEORY

The NXT monitors the potential difference between the black and white wires with an Analog-to-Digital (A/D) converter. The A/D converter converts this potential difference to a RAW value between 0 and 1023 (10 bits accuracy). This RAW value is given by the ratio

(1)

where is the maximum RAW value of 1023, is the voltage used by the NXT A/D Converter, and is the voltage drop between the black and white wires.

The circuit diagram looks like this:

I have a little potentiometer that can turn over a range of about to . Below is a diagram. The resistance between the leftmost and rightmost pins is the maximum resistance of . We will focus on the resistance between the leftmost and center pins, which varies based on the angle through which the potentiometer has been rotated. To keep things safe, we wire the center pin and rightmost pin together. This doesn’t affect the potential difference between the leftmost and center pins.

I will assume that it is a linear potentiometer (a pretty good assumption), which means that the resistance at any given angle is given by

(2)

where is the maximum angle of the potentiometer and is the maximum resistance.

Equation (2) says that if the angle then the resistance of the potentiometer , and if the angle then the resistance of the potentiometer is maximum .

Looking at the circuit diagram for the A/D converter, the potential drop across our potentiometer (represented by resistor ) is given by the typical voltage divider relation

(3)

We can now substitute (2) into (3) so that the voltage between the black and white wires is determined by the angle of the potentiometer rather than its resistance. Then we can substitute the result into (1) to get an equation for the RAW value

(4)

with my particular values, this is

This formula will let us predict the NXT RAW value based on the angle of the potentiometer.

For my potentiometer, I find that a maximum angle of gives me a maximum value of 93. This is less than 7 bits of information, and each RAW value corresponds to . If you want a nice angle detector, you will probably need a potentiometer!

TRY IT

1. Before beginning, you need to cut and strip one of the NXT cables so that you can interface with the wires directly. I have placed a layer of solder on mine, so they can be inserted into a breadboard for easy connecting.

2. Next connect the center and right pins of the potentiometer together with a wire

3. Plug the other end of the NXT cable into the NXT brick.

I wrote a simple NXT-G program to read the sensor and display the RAW value. Notice that the Touch Sensor actually reads the resistance between the wires. So we are just replacing the Touch Sensor with a potentiometer. We will use the raw number output of the Touch Sensor Block, which is represented by the 1010 0101 symbol. We then need to convert it to text so it can be displayed on the NXT LCD panel.

You may download it here,
Potentio-01.rbt
or write your own.

When I try my potentiometer, I find that the RAW value goes from 0 to 95, pretty close to my predicted range of 0 to 93. So it works! Not bad considering I guessed that the potentiometer sweeps through and angle of .

Determining the Angle of the Potentiometer

Now, let’s convert this RAW value to an angle.
In Extreme NXT, the authors worry about the fact that the resulting relationship is nonlinear with respect to the RAW value. As far as I can see, this isn’t a problem. We simply solve (4) above for the angle in terms of RAW. We can output the angle if we wish, but here I’ll take it a step further and demonstrate the resulting equation by controlling a motor so that it maintains an angle equal to the angle through which I have rotated the potentiometer.

I will leave out the algebra. Try it yourself. Solve (4) for angle A:

(5)

for my potentiometer, this is simply

which is easy to code in NXT-G.
You can download my code here:
Potentio-03.rbt

The motor control is a bit crude, but it works well enough for the demonstration.
Check out the YouTube video to see it in action!

Enjoy!

MATLAB NXT Bluetooth Router

The system relies on the RWTH – MINDSTORMS NXT Toolbox, the NXT Fantom Library, and John Hansen’s enhanced firmware.  The brick software is written in Not eXactly C (NXC), which requires Brick CC 3.3.

Daniele Benedettelli also has a book published titled Creating Cool MINDSTORMS NXT Robots (Technology in Action)